Topic

Reliability and validity

Cronbach’s alpha, McDonald’s omega, composite reliability, AVE, HTMT and Fornell–Larcker explained, with thresholds, examples and free calculators.

What Is a Good Cronbach’s Alpha? Interpretation, Thresholds and Reporting

A practical guide to Cronbach's alpha, covering what the number means, acceptable values, what to do when alpha is low, and when McDonald's omega is the better choice.

October 14, 20265 min read

Reliability and validity

Discriminant Validity: HTMT vs Fornell-Larcker (and What Thresholds to Use)

Learn how to test discriminant validity with HTMT and Fornell-Larcker, which cut-offs reviewers expect, what to do when constructs overlap, and how to report it in a thesis or paper.

October 14, 20264 min read

Free Reliability and validity tools

All 90+ tools →

Cohen’s Kappa CalculatorFree Cohen’s kappa calculator for inter-rater agreement between two raters, with linear and quadratic weighted kappa, SE, 95% CI and p-value.Composite Reliability and AVE CalculatorFree composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE) calculator from standardized loadings, with √AVE, MSV and the Fornell–Larcker test.Content Validity Index (CVI) and CVR CalculatorFree content validity calculator: I-CVI, S-CVI/Ave, S-CVI/UA and modified kappa, or Lawshe’s content validity ratio (CVR) with exact critical values.Cronbach’s Alpha CalculatorFree Cronbach’s alpha calculator: reliability with 95% CI, standardized alpha, corrected item-total correlations and alpha if item deleted.Fleiss’ Kappa CalculatorFree Fleiss’ kappa calculator for agreement among three or more raters, with z test, p-value, confidence interval and kappa for each category.Harman’s Single Factor Test for Common Method BiasFree Harman’s single factor test: variance explained by one unrotated factor (PCA and PAF) and a single-factor CFA to check common method bias.HTMT Calculator for Discriminant ValidityFree HTMT calculator: heterotrait–monotrait ratio for every pair of constructs, with Fornell–Larcker, AVE, MSV and composite reliability from your item data.Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) CalculatorFree ICC calculator with all six Shrout-Fleiss forms, ICC(1,1) to ICC(3,k), 95% confidence intervals and F tests for inter-rater reliability.McDonald’s Omega CalculatorFree McDonald’s omega calculator: omega total from a one-factor model, Cronbach’s alpha, standardized loadings and omega if item deleted.Reliability and Validity AnalysisFree reliability and validity analysis: Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability, AVE, MSV, McDonald’s omega, Fornell–Larcker and HTMT for every construct.Split-Half Reliability CalculatorFree split-half reliability calculator: odd-even or first-second half split, Spearman-Brown, Guttman split-half, KR-20 and KR-21 for test items.