Combined Importance-Performance Map Analysis (cIPMA)
Combine importance-performance map analysis with necessary condition analysis (Hauff, Richter, Sarstedt and Ringle, 2024). Each driver gets its total effect, its performance, and a necessity effect size; the bottleneck table shows the minimum level each driver must reach for a desired outcome level.
Updated · By Bibin XavierData 180 × 12
| Respondenttext · 180 levels | TR1numeric · coded | TR2numeric · coded | TR3numeric · coded | TR4numeric · coded | SAT1numeric · coded | SAT2numeric · coded | SAT3numeric · coded | SAT4numeric · coded | LOY1numeric · coded | LOY2numeric · coded | LOY3numeric · coded |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R001 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
| R002 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
| R003 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
| R004 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
| R005 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| R006 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
| R007 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| R008 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 |
Variables and options
=~ (reflective, mode A) and structural paths with ~.Results
180 rows · example datacIPMA for LOY at a desired level of 80
| Construct | Importance | Performance | NCA effect size d | p | Necessary? | Required level for LOY = 80 | % of cases below requirement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TR | 0.478 | 52.7 | .079 | .003 | No | 37.5 | 26.7% |
| SAT | 0.478 | 52.4 | .149 | < .001 | Yes | 43.4 | 32.2% |
Note. Scores are rescaled to 0–100 with the theoretical scope. CE-FDH ceiling; necessity when d ≥ .10 and the permutation p < .05 (Dul, 2016; Dul et al., 2020). NN = not necessary at this outcome level.
cIPMA map (bubble size = % of cases that fail the necessity requirement)
Bottleneck table: required construct levels (0–100) for each level of LOY
| LOY | TR | SAT |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 11.9 | 5.8 |
| 10 | 11.9 | 5.8 |
| 20 | 11.9 | 5.8 |
| 30 | 11.9 | 5.8 |
| 40 | 11.9 | 5.8 |
| 50 | 11.9 | 5.8 |
| 60 | 11.9 | 25.9 |
| 70 | 11.9 | 25.9 |
| 80 | 37.5 | 43.4 |
| 90 | 37.5 | 43.4 |
| 100 | 56.6 | 56.6 |
Interpretation
SAT is a necessary condition for LOY: without reaching the required level, a high outcome is not possible, whatever the level of other drivers. Prioritise SAT first, because 32% of cases fall below its requirement for LOY = 80.
How to cite this tool
Using these results in a thesis, journal article, report or class assignment? Please cite this free tool so others can find it. It keeps the site free.
APA 7
Xavier, B. (2026). Combined Importance-Performance Map Analysis (cIPMA) [Web application]. FreeStatisticalTools.com. https://freestatisticaltools.com/combined-importance-performance-map-analysis/
BibTeX
@software{xavier_cipma_2026,
author = {Xavier, Bibin},
title = {Combined Importance-Performance Map Analysis (cIPMA)},
publisher = {FreeStatisticalTools.com},
year = {2026},
url = {https://freestatisticaltools.com/combined-importance-performance-map-analysis/},
note = {Web application}
}Suggested sentence for your methods section: “The analysis was carried out with the free Combined Importance-Performance Map Analysis (cIPMA) tool on FreeStatisticalTools.com (Xavier, 2026).”
What is combined IPMA (cIPMA)?
The combined importance-performance map analysis (Hauff et al., 2024) adds necessary condition analysis to IPMA. It separates drivers that raise the outcome on average from those that must reach a minimum level before a high outcome is possible, and shows how many cases fall short.
When to use combined IPMA (cIPMA)
Use cIPMA when you want to know both which drivers raise the outcome on average (sufficiency logic) and which drivers must reach a minimum level before the outcome can be high (necessity logic).
Assumptions
- The same assumptions as IPMA, plus enough cases near the ceiling to estimate it (about 100 or more).
- Constructs are measured on bounded scales so the theoretical 0–100 scope is meaningful.
How to use this tool
- Enter your data. Paste columns from Excel, Google Sheets or SPSS with variable names in the first row, or upload a CSV or Excel file. The example data shows the expected layout.
- Choose the variables. Select the pls path model.
- Set the options. Fill in target construct, scale minimum, scale maximum and desired outcome level (0–100).
- Read the results. Results update automatically. Read the plain-English interpretation, then use Copy table to paste APA-style tables into Word and Copy for the results sentence.
How to report combined IPMA (cIPMA) in APA style
Report importance, performance, necessity effect size with permutation p-value, the bottleneck at the desired outcome level, and the share of cases that do not meet it.
Frequently asked questions
Why combine IPMA with NCA?
IPMA follows sufficiency logic: more of X tends to give more of Y. NCA follows necessity logic: without enough X, high Y cannot occur. A driver can be unimportant on average yet still be a bottleneck.
What is a bottleneck in cIPMA?
The minimum level a necessary condition must reach for a desired level of the target construct. Cases below that level cannot reach the desired outcome.
When is a construct a necessary condition?
When its NCA effect size d is at least .10 and the permutation test is significant (p < .05).
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